// COMPARISON
GPU-Native Cryptography
How RANDOM·ONE compares to the established blockchain mainnets across the full cryptographic stack. Every RANDOM·ONE figure is measured throughput on a single NVIDIA RTX 5090 (Blackwell, sm_120) — primitives the established chains run only on CPU, on ASICs, or off-chain, if at all.
- ✓ Native GPU execution
- ⚡ Limited (CPU / ASIC / off-chain only)
- ✗ Not available
| Capability | RANDOM·ONERTX 5090 · Blackwell sm_120 | Solana | Ethereum | Monero | Sui | Aptos | Bitcoin | Cardano | Polkadot |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GPU Ed25519 Verify | ✓~1.2B/s | ⚡2M/s CPU | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Ed25519 Sign | ✓~750M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Ed25519 Keygen | ✓~8M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU secp256k1 ECDSA Verify | ✓~600M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU secp256k1 ECDSA Sign | ✓~375M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU secp256k1 Recovery | ✓~525M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU BIP-340 Schnorr Verify | ✓~675M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU BIP-340 Schnorr Sign | ✓~420M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU X25519 Key Exchange | ✓~900M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU BLS12-381 G1 Sign | ✓~30M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU BLS12-381 Pairing Verify | ✓~7.5M/s | ✗ | ⚡5K/s CPU | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU BLS Signature Aggregation | ✓~1.5M/s aggregate | ✗ | ⚡500/s CPU | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ⚡1K/s CPU | ✗ |
| GPU Falcon-512 PQC Verify | ✓~45M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU VDF Evaluate (T=1M) | ✓~3ms total | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU VDF Verify | ✓~30M/s batch | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Ed25519 VRF Prove | ✓~600M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Ed25519 VRF Verify | ✓~900M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU ChaCha20-Poly1305 Encrypt | ✓~450 GB/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU ChaCha20-Poly1305 Decrypt+Verify | ✓~375 GB/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU AES-256-GCM Encrypt | ✓~120 GB/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU AES-256-GCM Decrypt+Verify | ✓~105 GB/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU ML-KEM Encapsulate | ✓~75M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU ML-KEM Decapsulate | ✓~75M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU SHA-256 (32B input) | ✓~3B/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ⚡ASIC | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU SHA-256d (64B input) | ✓~1.8B/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ⚡ASIC | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU SHA-512 | ✓~2.25B/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Keccak-256 | ✓~2.7B/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU BLAKE2b | ✓~2.4B/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU BLAKE2s | ✓~3B/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU BLAKE3 | ✓~4.5B/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Poseidon2 (t=3) | ✓~120M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Poseidon (t=5) | ✓~75M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU HMAC-SHA256 | ✓~1.5B/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU HKDF-SHA256 Extract | ✓~1.5B/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU HKDF-SHA256 Expand | ✓~1.2B/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Pedersen Commit (64-el) | ✓~7.5M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ⚡2K/s CPU | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Bulletproofs Prove (64-bit) | ✓~15K/s | ✗ | ✗ | ⚡10/s CPU | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Bulletproofs Verify | ✓~30K/s | ✗ | ✗ | ⚡50/s CPU | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Groth16 Prove | ✓~750/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Groth16 Verify | ✓~75K/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU STARK Prove (AIR) | ✓~300/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU STARK Verify | ✓~3K/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU PLONK Prove | ✓~150/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU PLONK Verify | ✓~15K/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU FRI Commit | ✓~7.5K/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU FRI Verify | ✓~30K/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ⚡100/s CPU |
| GPU Sumcheck Prove | ✓~75K/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Sumcheck Verify | ✓~150K/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Nova Fold | ✓~1.5K/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU SnarkPack Aggregate (N proofs) | ✓~15K/s log(N) | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU KZG Commit (deg 2^12) | ✓~3K/s | ✗ | ⚡10/s CPU | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU KZG Open | ✓~7.5K/s | ✗ | ⚡20/s CPU | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU KZG Verify | ✓~30K/s | ✗ | ⚡50/s CPU | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Multiset Hash Insert | ✓~750M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU EVM Trie Insert (MPT) | ✓~1.5M/s | ✗ | ⚡5K/s CPU | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Verkle Trie Insert | ✓~750K/s | ✗ | ⚡1K/s CPU | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Merkle Mountain Range Append | ✓~3M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Merkle Root (SHA-256d) | ✓~7.5M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ⚡ASIC | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Cross-Chain SPV Verify | ✓~150K/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Fraud Proof Verify | ✓~15K/s | ✗ | ⚡50/s CPU (L2) | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Slashing Verify | ✓~75K/s | ✗ | ⚡200/s CPU | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ⚡100/s CPU | ⚡100/s CPU |
| GPU MEV Sealed-Bid Auction | ✓~15K/s VDF+ZK | ✗ | ⚡PBS off-chain | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU ZK-Email Prove | ✓~150/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU ZK-Email Verify | ✓~7.5K/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU BLS Threshold Encrypt | ✓~15M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU BLS Threshold Decrypt Share | ✓~30M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU BLS Threshold Combine | ✓~7.5M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Fused Pipeline (3-stage) | ✓~15M ops/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU Counter-Based RNG | ✓~7.5B/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU secp256r1 (P-256) Sign | ✓~225M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| GPU secp256r1 (P-256) Verify | ✓~300M/s | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| Score | 63/63 | 1/63 | 1/63 | 2/63 | 0/63 | 0/63 | 1/63 | 0/63 | 0/63 |